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SDG 12 : Influence Responsible Consumption and Production

Socialization of the Maintenance and Potential of Maron Chicken Eggs in Dusun Pajangan, Wedomartani, Ngemplak, Sleman, Yogyakarta

Community Service Sunday, 22 September 2024

On September 21, 2024, Dr. drh. Hendry Trisakti Saragih, M.P., from the Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, delivered a presentation on the proper maintenance of maron chickens to the residents of Dusun Pajangan, Wedomartani, Ngemplak, Sleman, Yogyakarta. The event was opened with remarks from Dr. Ardaning Nuriliani, S.Si., M.Kes., who explained that the collaboration between the Faculty of Biology, UGM, and Dusun Pajangan has been ongoing since 2019 and also involves students from the Faculty of Biology, UGM. In 2024, the community service programs in Dusun Pajangan include the Desa Mitra and MBKM-PkM Programs. The RW 16 village head, Mr. Sumadi, expressed his support for the program, which is coordinated by Mr. Gunardi, S.Si., the head of the Takmir Masjid Jami’ Darussalam Pajangan.


During this event as one of the activity series of Desa Mitra Grand in Wedomartani Village, Dr. Hendry explained the management of maron chickens, including the ideal cage design and the production of simple feed utilizing organic waste from the surrounding environment. Maron chickens, a crossbreed between Arab hens and Lingnan roosters, grow faster than local chickens and begin laying eggs at the age of seven months. The potential of maron chickens to boost the local economy is significant, as their eggs resemble local chicken eggs and can be sold at a higher price.

The cultivation of maron chickens aligns with several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including no. 1, no poverty, as maron chickens can lay eggs relatively quickly in large quantities and are highly marketable. It also supports no. 2, zero hunger, and no. 3, good health and well-being, as maron chicken eggs can be used to meet family nutritional needs. Moreover, this initiative contributes to SDG no. 12, responsible consumption and production, as the maintenance of maron chickens not only reduces organic waste but also produces manure useful for plants. The participants were highly engaged during the discussion, particularly about feed production and the idea of establishing a “chicken posyandu” for community care and oversight of chickens.

The Faculty of Biology UGM Held Training on Orchid Cultivation for PKK Members from Candi Gebang Permai Residential

News Release Thursday, 12 September 2024

As part of its community service commitment, the Faculty of Biology UGM, in collaboration with the Indonesian Orchid Society (PAI) DIY, organized an “Orchid Cultivation Training” on September 11, 2024, at the RW62 Hall in Candi Gebang Permai, Sleman. The event targeted PKK members from Candi Gebang Permai Residential Jetis Village Sleman Regency. The training aimed to introduce orchid cultivation and care to participants, in line with the 2020-2024 National Development Goals (SDGs) related to gender equality (SDGs No.5), decent work and economic growth (SDGs No.8), responsible consumption and production (SDGs No.12), and life on land (SDGs No.15).


Over 54 enthusiastic PKK members participated, learning about orchid care, propagation, and cultivation management. The event was opened by Abdul Razaq Chasani, S.Si., M.Si., Ph.D., Head of the Tropical Biology Department, Faculty of Biology UGM, with presentations from Prof. Dr. Endang Semiarti and Dr. Ixora Mercuriani. This training was guided by an orchid expert from the Faculty of Biology UGM, the Faculty of Mathematics and Science Yogyakarta State University, students, and the Biology Orchid Study Club (BiOSC) members.

The training emphasized orchid characteristics, seed selection, watering, fertilization, pest management, and efficient cultivation techniques. This initiative aims to empower PKK members, promote local resources, and potentially create new business opportunities. The training also demonstrated effective collaboration between academic institutions and local communities.

The Faculty of Biology UGM Organized Stadium Generale on the Future of Palm Oil with a Professor from Lampung University

News Release Tuesday, 10 September 2024

Yogyakarta, September 6, 2024 – The Faculty of Biology Universitas Gadjah Mada organized a stadium generale titled “Superior Palm Oil Plants of the Future: Short, Early-Maturing, High Unsaturated Oil, Compact Palm, Ganoderma-Resistant” featuring Prof. Dr. Ir. Kukuh Setiawan, M.Sc., from Lampung University. Prof. Kukuh, an expert in plant breeding and a renowned breeder of superior palm oil varieties, shared his extensive experience developing high-quality palm oil seedlings.


During the lecture, Prof. Kukuh discussed the challenges and future potential of palm oil, focusing on developing varieties that are shorter, early-maturing, rich in unsaturated oil, compact palm, and resistant to Ganoderma disease. These innovations are crucial for addressing climate change and meeting the growing global demand for sustainable and efficient production. With in-depth research, these superior palm oil seedlings are expected to boost productivity, reduce production costs, and remain environmentally friendly.

The event was hosted by Tiara Amelia Putri, S.Si., and moderated by Dian Sartika, M.Sc., who emphasized the importance of innovation in improving the quality of palm oil seedlings. The lecture attracted academics, researchers, and students eager to deepen their understanding of palm oil breeding. The interactive discussion session was lively, with many participants asking about the practical application of Prof. Kukuh’s research in Indonesia’s palm oil agriculture to enhance competitiveness in international markets.

The event concluded with the presentation of a plaque by Prof. Dr. Budi Setiadi Daryono, M.Agr.Sc., Dean of the Faculty of Biology at UGM, as a token of appreciation to Prof. Kukuh for sharing his expertise. It is hoped that this event will enrich participants’ knowledge and inspire further collaboration to advance the palm oil sector in Indonesia.

UGM Students Explore Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss Seeds and Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Peel Waste for Cervical Cancer Treatment

Achivements Monday, 9 September 2024

Cervical cancer ranked second most common cancer in Indonesia, with 36,633 reported cases in 2021, and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Current cervical cancer treatment is chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery with side effects that can significantly reduce the patient’s quality of life. Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV (Human Papillomavirus) infection, which produces E6 and E7 oncoproteins. These proteins interfere with programmed cell death (apoptosis), accelerate the cell cycle, and lead to cell immortality, resulting in cancer.


Combination Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss Seeds and Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Peel Waste has shown potential as an alternative cervical cancer treatment. This discovery comes from research conducted by UGM students in the Student Creativity Program for Exact Science Research (PKM-RE). The team, consisting of Aditya Latiful Azis (Biology 2022), Asy Syifa Paras Ceria (Biology 2022), Shabrina Farras Tsany (Medicine 2021), Rahmalia Diani Saffana (Medicine 2021), and Faqih Fikri Nuryanto (Pharmacy 2023), under the supervision of Woro Anindito Sri Tunjung, M.Sc., Ph.D., has explored the potential of Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss Seeds and Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Peel Waste as an alternative therapy for cervical cancer.

Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss Seeds contain potent antioxidants including polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids, while Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Peel Waste is rich in flavonoids and lycopene, which are cytotoxic to cancer cells. The herbal remedy derived from these two ingredients is predicted to have milder side effects.

“This research aims to utilize Indonesia’s natural resources for cervical cancer therapy. Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss Seeds and Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. peel wastes were selected due to their secondary metabolite content, which has potential anticancer properties. Additionally, the increasing production and consumption of Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss and Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. lead to organic waste issues. We hope this research offers an eco-friendly and milder side effect alternative treatment,” said Aditya, the team leader.

The research conducted for four months involved various tests, including phytochemical screening, in silico studies, anti-inflammatory activity tests, cytotoxicity and antiproliferative assays using the MTT method, inhibition of HeLa cell migration, and apoptosis tests.
The result showed the combination of Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss Seeds and Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Peel Waste could inhibit inflammation, halt cancer cell migration, and trigger cell death (apoptosis).

The results of this study are expected to pave the way for cervical cancer therapy that harnesses Indonesia’s natural wealth and supports zero-waste initiatives. [Written by: Aditya Latiful Azis]

UGM Faculty of Biology Participates in AgriFest 2024: Showcasing 18 Innovations for National Food Security

News Release Monday, 9 September 2024

Yogyakarta, September 7, 2024 – The Faculty of Biology at Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) actively participated in the “Technology Innovation Exhibition of the Agrocomplex Faculties of Universitas Gadjah Mada,” held as part of AgriFest 2024. The event, which took place from September 5 to 7, 2024, was themed “Adapting to the Era of Technological Disruption in the Agricultural Sector to Achieve National Food Security” and was organized by the Pusat Inovasi Agroteknologi (PIAT) UGM.


During the exhibition, the UGM Faculty of Biology showcased 18 products and services resulting from research conducted by its faculty members. These products and services include a variety of innovations aimed at supporting national food security, ranging from biotechnology, plant breeding products, laboratory consultation services, to environmentally friendly ecological solutions. The Faculty of Biology’s participation in this event demonstrates its significant contribution to the adaptation of agricultural technology in the current era of disruption.

The exhibition was attended by curated academics from UGM and was open to various groups, including agricultural practitioners, representatives from local governments, academics, industry players, agricultural entrepreneurs, millennial farmers, and farmer group representatives. Over the three-day event, the exhibition attracted more than 1,000 visitors, highlighting the high level of interest from various stakeholders in technological innovations in the agricultural sector (SDG 2, SDG 9, SDG 12).

The involvement of the UGM Faculty of Biology in AgriFest 2024 not only introduced innovative research outcomes but also opened up opportunities for collaboration with various stakeholders, including those from academia, industry, and government. The Faculty of Biology at UGM hopes that through its participation, it can further strengthen its contribution to the development of agricultural technology, ultimately supporting the achievement of national food security in the future (SDG 17).

AgriFest 2024 has proven to be an effective platform for connecting technological innovations with relevant practitioners and stakeholders, fostering synergies in the effort to achieve national food security in this era of technological disruption (SDG 2).

Wukirsari Village Partner Program: Socialization and Training on Vegetable Cultivation and Hydroponic Techniques #2

Community Service Friday, 30 August 2024

On Monday, August 26, 2024, a community service event was held in Wukirsari Village, Cangkringan District, Sleman Regency. Wukirsari Village Partner was one of the nine villages mentored by the UGM Faculty of Biology in 2024. The event was opened and moderated by Dr. Maryani, M.Sc., with remarks from Dr. Eko Agus Suyono, S.Si., M.App.Sc., a representative from the Mitra Wukirsari Village Team. The main training material was presented by Prof. Dr. Diah Rachmawati, S.Si., M.Si., on the topic of the Potential & Prospects of Hydroponic Vegetable Cultivation. Hydroponics is a plant cultivation technique that uses water as a medium instead of soil, and is distinct from pot cultivation and vertical farming techniques, offering numerous advantages and ease of setup.


During this event, the village women of Sruni were introduced to the Wick System, a simple hydroponic method that does not use a pump and therefore incurs no electricity costs, making it cheaper and easier to set up. The plants used for hydroponic demonstration included lettuce, mustard greens, bok choy, and water spinach, though other plants such as chili peppers, tomatoes, bell peppers, beans, spinach, cucumbers, and fruit plants like strawberries and melons can also be grown hydroponically.

The advantages of hydroponic techniques include no need for large land areas, efficient water use, high productivity, no soil media, optimal nutrient conditions, reusable nutrient media, and freedom from pests and weeds. Therefore, it was hoped that the Sruni villagers would implement hydroponic techniques at home to enhance food self-sufficiency. Key factors to consider in hydroponic cultivation include the health of seedlings (healthy, green, and disease-free), media, oxygen availability, aeration, pH levels, light intensity, and temperature.

Dr. Siti Nurbaiti, S.Si. explained the steps for hydroponic plant cultivation. The first step involved preparing tools and materials, seeding, making nutrient media, and transferring seedlings into the hydroponic nutrient media. Seeding was done in rock wool for about 4-5 days. Nutrient solution preparation involved mixing solutions A and B in a 5 ml/liter ratio. Participants practiced setting up wicks in hydroponic containers, preparing nutrient media, and transferring prepared seedlings into the Wick System hydroponic media. Harvest-ready bok choy from hydroponic cultivation was displayed as a success example, inspiring participants to apply hydroponic techniques at home.

The event was attended by 27 participants from the Sruni Village PKK, divided into five groups, each guided by a faculty member. Faculty members involved included Rina Sri Kasiamdari, S.Si., Ph.D., Utaminingsih, S.Si., M.Sc., Dr. Aprilia Sufi Subiastuti, S.Si., Dr. Wiko Arif Wibowo, S.Si., and Novita Yustinadiar, S.Si., M.Si. The community was enthusiastic about practicing hydroponics, finding it easy to apply at home and capable of meeting daily food needs, thus supporting self-sufficiency in food. The event aimed to contribute to Indonesia’s SDGs: (1) No Poverty; (2) Zero Hunger; (3) Good Health and Well-being; and (12) Responsible Consumption and Production.

At the end of the event, a discussion was held on the material covered, and a quiz with door prizes was conducted, increasing participants’ enthusiasm for answering questions about hydroponic techniques. Monitoring was also carried out on the compost and liquid fertilizer production from a previous event to evaluate and ensure the community’s consistency in reducing waste burned or disposed of in landfills by converting organic waste into fertilizer.



SDGs:
#SDG 1: No poverty
#SDG 2: Zero Hunger
#SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being
#SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

Highlighting Eel Conservation, Faculty of Biology UGM Holds Public Lecture with Professors from Kyushu University, Japan

CooperationNews Release Thursday, 22 August 2024

Yogyakarta, 21 August 2024 – The Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada received a visit from Professor from Kyushu University Japan, Prof. Noritaka Mochioka. The visit was received in the KPTU Meeting Room, Faculty of Biology UGM by Dr. Eko Agus Suyono, M.App.Sc. as Vice Dean for Research, Community Service, Collaboration and Alumni Affairs, Dr. Bambang Retnoaji, M.Sc. as Vice Dean for Academic and Student Affairs, as well as Lecturers from the Animal Development Structure Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Nur Indah Septriani, M.Sc., Ph.D., and Zuliyati Rohmah, Ph.D.


This visit is the second time Prof. Noritaka Mochioka visited the Faculty of Biology UGM after 2017. He was also present as a guest lecturer on several previous occasions. During this visit, Prof. Noritaka Mochioka expressed his enthusiasm for developing research related to eel with Nur Indah Septriani, Ph.D. who is also a graduate of Kyushu University, Japan.

Dr. Eko welcomed Prof. Noritaka Mochioka. During the visit, various cooperation initiatives were presented that could be collaborated with Kyushu University, including student exchanges up to double degrees. Previously, the Faculty of Biology UGM also established good cooperation with a student exchange scheme through the Sakura Science Program with Yamagata University, Japan.

Prof. Noritaka Mochioka also had the opportunity to give a public lecture, taking place in the Tropical Biology Auditorium, UGM Faculty of Biology, moderated by Nur Indah Septriani, Ph.D. He delivered a public lecture entitled “Life History and Conservation of Freshwater Eel”. Dr. Eko as Vice Dean for Research, Community Service, Collaboration and Alumni Affairs, was also present to give an introductory speech at the public lecture.

Prof. Noritaka Mochioka started the lecture by explaining how marine products have become an important commodity for Japanese community. Both marine products that are commonly consumed and those that are less common, such as pufferfish, are processed to make them suitable for consumption. He focuses his research on eel or eel or what is commonly known as unagi. Prof. Noritaka Mochioka highlighted the diversity, distribution of eels in Japan and the world and their high nutritional quality, but the price is not yet affordable. He focuses on developing eels that are highly nutritious but can be reached by the wider community.

The public lecture was followed by a question-and-answer session. Participants were very enthusiastic about attending the lecture and were interested in learning about eels. It is hoped that this public lecture can become a forum for inspiration for collaboration as well as strengthening collaborative relations, especially between the Faculty of Biology UGM and Kyushu University Japan in the future, in line with the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals for increasing inclusive education and expanding cooperation (SDG 4 and 17) at the same time. contribution to the preservation of marine ecosystems (SDG 14) and the development of functional food that is affordable for communities (SDG 12).

Strengthening Cooperation and Collaboration on Biodegradable Plastics With PT Greenhope, Indonesia: A Lecturer of Faculty of Biology, UGM, Conducts Capstone Project Activities

News Release Sunday, 28 July 2024

The issue of waste is becoming increasingly critical, posing threats to environmental health on land, marrine, and air. Thus, there is a need for well-structured waste management mechanisms, supported by advanced technology, to tackle this challenge. One long-standing effort has been implementing the 3R+1R approach: Reuse, Recycle, and Reduce, with an addition of Return to Earth. This approach has been developed by PT Greenhope Indonesia. “Return to Earth” addresses a missing piece by offering biodegradable and biopolymer-based plastic solutions to combat plastic waste pollution and the climate crisis. This theme aligns with the research conducted by the Smart Genetics Research Group, led by Ganies Riza Aristya, S.Si., M.Sc., Ph.D., a lecturer in the Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM).

From July 22-24, 2024, Ganies had the opportunity to collaborate with PT Greenhope Indonesia in the implementation of the Capstone Project Program from the University Quality Assurance and Reputation Unit. The Capstone Project allows faculty members to integrate and apply their expertise and competencies to solve industrial problems. The theme for this collaboration focused on a new breakthrough in biodegradable plastic products derived from Microbial Cell Factory, specifically recombinant yeast. Biodegradable plastics contribute significantly to environmental health and sustainability, especially in reducing the impact of plastic waste. They can replace conventional plastics in various applications, such as food packaging, product packaging, and laboratory equipment.

The activities began with discussions and presentations, conducted both online and offline at PT Greenhope’s office, laboratory, and factory. Additionally, direct observation of the production process for biodegradable products such as Oxium, Ecoplas, and Naturaloop from PT Greenhope was conducted. Ganies also explained the genetic transformation processes and methods developed to produce biodegradable plastics from recombinant yeast. Both parties agreed to pursue joint research activities, supported by an MoU and collaboration proposal. Ganies expressed hope that this collaboration will continue to grow, producing sustainable, environmentally friendly, and forward-looking products. Representing PT Greenhope, Dr. Hardaning Pranamuda, M.Sc., Director of R&D, along with two researchers, Muhammad Ardiyansyah, S.Si., and Ir. Daffa Dewa Saputra, S.T., welcomed the collaboration with enthusiasm and commitment to mutual contribution. Research and development of biodegradable plastics can significantly contribute to achieving several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in efforts to reduce the impact of plastic waste on the environment and human health, said Hardaning during the closing of the discussion session.

In addition to its significant contribution to solving waste problems, this activity aligns with the achievement and implementation of several SDGs: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production. Biodegradable plastics help meet the SDG 12 target related to waste reduction and hazardous material management. SDG 14: Life Below Water. Biodegradable plastics can reduce the impact of plastic waste on marine ecosystems and promote environmental health. SDG 15: Life on Land. Biodegradable plastics can help reduce the impact of plastic waste on terrestrial ecosystems, such as reducing soil and air pollution and promoting environmental health. SDG 13: Climate Action. Biodegradable plastics can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production and disposal of conventional plastics. SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure. Research and development of biodegradable plastics can boost innovation and provide new opportunities for a more sustainable plastics processing industry.

Wukirsari Partner Village: Integrated Agriculture Development Based on Waste Management and Processing

News ReleaseWaste Management Thursday, 25 July 2024

To carry out higher educationTri Dharma, The Faculty of Biology UGM initiated the Partner Village program at Wukirsari Village, Cangkringan District, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Province. A memorandum of understanding was signed between the Dean of the Faculty of Biology UGM, Prof. Dr. Budi Setiadi Daryono, M.Agr.Sc., and the Head of Wukirsari Village, Mr. Handung Tri Rahmawan, on June 5, 2024, for community service activities with a duration of 5 years. The 2024 activities focus on the Integrated Agriculture Development program incorporating waste management and processing. The proposing team from the Faculty of Biology UGM for the Wukirsari Partner Village program is chaired by Rina Sri Kasiamdari, S.Si., Ph.D., with members including Prof. Dr. Diah Rachmawati, S.Si., M.Si.; Dr. Maryani, M.Sc.; Dr. Eko Agus Suyono, M.App.Sc.; Utaminingsih, S.Si., M.Sc.; Dr. Aprilia Sufi Subiastuti, S.Si.; Dr. Siti Nurbaiti, S.Si.; Novita Yustinadiar, S.Si., M.Si.; and Dr. Wiko Arif Wibowo, S.Si.


The first activity was held on Monday, July 22, 2024, in Sruni Hamlet, targeting the PKK (Family Welfare Empowerment) group. This activity focused on introducing waste, economically valuable waste management, and organic waste processing. Rina Sri Kasiamdari, the team leader, stated that this activity will be conducted continuously, starting with waste introduction and processing, hydroponics and microalgae introduction, and using organic fertilizers from waste processing for home gardening. “The issue of waste management needs special attention from all of us in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, including Sleman, especially since waste management has returned to the local government,” said Rina in her speech.

The presentations began with Ria Karyanto, S.Kom., discussing waste banks and continued with an introduction to organic fertilizers delivered by Dr. Maryani, M.Sc.. Next, Novita Yustinadiar, S.Si., M.Si., conducted training on making solid organic fertilizers, and Dr. Aprilia Sufi Subiastuti, S.Si., led a session on creating liquid organic fertilizers. This session was attended by 37 PKK members from Sruni Hamlet. Based on the questionnaires and testimonials from the PKK group, the community generally did not know about the types of waste, waste management, and waste processing into organic fertilizers. During the first activity of the Partner Village program, compost bags were distributed to each resident for home application, and compost buckets distributed to groups of residents, which were monitored monthly by the team.

This program is related to various aspects of the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), particularly SDG number 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), but also related to SDG number 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), 13 (Climate Action), and 15 (Life on Land).

Lecture Series the 7th International Summer Course in Sustainable Development 2024: Professor from Yamagata University Japan Highlights the Urgency of Addressing Climate Change in Pollinator Insect Conservation Efforts

News Release Monday, 22 July 2024

Yogyakarta, 22 July 2024 – The 7th International Summer Course in Sustainable Development: Sustainable Bioprospecting of Tropical Biodiversity lecture series in 2024 continues by presenting various experts from all over the world. In this series, we present a professor in the field of Pollination Biology from Yamagata University, Prof. Jun Yokoyama who brought up the topic of disruption in pollinator insect diversity and how it affects world climate change.


This session was moderated by Atikah Fitria Muharromah, S.Si., M.Eng. from the Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Atikah introduced Prof. Jun is an expert in the fields of evolutionary biology, ecology and conservation. His research examines many pollinator insects, ecosystems and their effects on the environment.

Prof. Jun started his presentation by explaining pollinating insects, especially Hymenoptera, and emphasized the mutualistic relationship between insects and plants through the exchange of pollen and nectar. He highlighted how insect groups have preferences for certain flowers. Certain insects, especially bees and wasps, play a large role in global food production, Prof. Jun added. These insects bridge the process of flower pollination and influence the amount of food production.

Prof. Jun highlighted the current climate change conditions, especially in tropical areas, heavy logging of forests, and food production which has increased significantly to meet the needs of the ever-increasing human population. He emphasized that there had been a reduction in the number of pollinators by up to 40%. The urgency of dealing with increasingly extreme climate change is important in efforts to conserve resources and mitigate other larger disasters.

The professor from Yamagata University then introduced the “Hamanaru Maruhana Project”, an effort to conserve and collect data on the distribution of bees in Japan. The project aims to estimate past, present and future distributions to be used as reference data for analysis of conservation efforts.

Closing the online lecture session, Prof. Jun again emphasized the importance of the role of pollinators and how climate and environmental change affects them. It is hoped that through this lecture, ISC participants can contribute to sustainable conservation efforts in the future.